Organizational Culture as a Moderator Between Paternalistic Leadership Style and Organizational Commitment: A Case of Banking Sector, Pakistan

This study seeks to examine the moderating role of organizational culture between Paternalistic Leadership Style and organizational commitment in the banking setting. This is an explanatory study based on 345 employees working in two private banks located in Lahore, Pakistan by using stratified sampling technique. Data were collected using the organizational commitment scale, paternalistic leadership scale and organizational culture scale. Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Pearson correlation were employed and hypotheses were tested using Hierarchical Multiple Regression. The results indicate that paternalistic leadership style significantly related to organizational commitment and organizational culture acted as a moderator in this relationship. Moreover, study also indicated the positive relationship between paternalistic leadership style and organizational culture and organizational commitment and organizational culture. Keywords: Paternalistic Leadership, Organizational Culture, Organizational Commitment, Lahore, Pakistan DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-1-05 Publication date: January 31st 202

NON-FINANCIAL INCENTIVE SYSTEM AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

Financial rewards have high significance in motivatinghuman resources as well as making them committed. Hence, the focusof this research is on the impact of Non-Financial Incentives onOrganizational Commitment. The methodology used in this study is asurvey of 175 employees from 20 companies that were selectedrandomly from the population i.e. Food and Beverage industry ofPakistan. Statistical tools used for testing the hypotheses that weredeveloped on the basis of literature review, were spearman’s rhocorrelation and regression. Results show that job-related incentivesrelatively play significant role in instigating organizationalcommitment among employees in an organization

Impact of Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership on Employee Performance: A Case of FMCG Industry of Pakistan

Leadership is one of the key roles used in any organization. Transactional leadership and Transformational leadership are two key styles who gain immense importance from past few decades. This study is about these two leadership styles having impact on employee’s performance in FMCG industry of Pakistan. Data have been collected from 318 employees and has been concluded that though both leadership styles are having positive relation with employee performance but, transactional leadership style has strongly positive correlation with the performance of the employees. Along with Pearson correlation, Linear Regression Analysis has also been used in order to predict the predictor’s contribution towards employees’ performance. Moreover, it has been recommended that if Pakistan FMCG industry focuses on Transactional Leadership Style through trainings and different manuals, then it can develop such leaders in a better way. Keywords: Transactional Leadership Style, Transformational Leadership Style, Employee Performance, FMCG, Pakistan.

An Empirical Examination of E-Government Virtual Services: Mediating Role of Users’ Perceived Usefulness

Government websites are the repository of information where citizens can timely access substantial and reliable information. It is normal to find antagonism between formulators and users of e-government virtual services (EGS). This study is designed to assess the quality of virtual services provided by Pakistani government websites. Data is collected from 278 university graduates using simple random sampling technique. Results of Smart PLS show that the survey respondents exhibit positive attitude towards perceived system quality (PSQ) and perceived information quality (PIQ) of the websites. They also perceive e-government websites useful and display their satisfaction to e-government virtual services. Finally, findings provide support to mediating role of users’ perceived usefulness (UPU). Policymakers and practitioners can take advantage of the findings to design more citizen centered government websites to optimize their satisfaction with mandatory services

Prospects for Online Grocery Shopping in Pakistan

Online grocery shopping is an emerging trend in Pakistan. With an increase in adoption of ecommerce technologies, grocery shopping is also experiencing new trends and opportunities. This study explores the prospects for online grocery shopping in Pakistan in the light of five key variables that according to literature are important factors that may affect online shopping trends. Prospects for online grocery shopping in Pakistan are being evaluated through the idea of perceived cost, perceived convenience, perceived risk, entertainment and law and order. For that matter, following a quantitative research approach, a questionnaire was adopted and put to reliability and validity tests. In order to collect data, convenient sampling strategy was opted for collecting data from 298 respondents. SPSS was used to analyze data using correlation and regression. The questionnaire was based on two scenarios, one was related to in-store grocery shopping and the other was related to online grocery shopping. On comparing the results of both scenarios, it was found that most people are doing in-store grocery shopping but are willing to do online grocery shopping, if certain factors such as cost of online shopping and risk of getting desired product are minimized. Moreover, entertainment has a negative relation with online grocery shopping while a positive relation with in-store grocery shopping. Lastly, perceived convenience also has a positive impact on online grocery shopping.&nbsp

IMPLEMENTATION OF TENURE TRACK SYSTEM REFORM IN PAKISTAN: A CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

Tenure Track System was introduced in Pakistan in the year 2004 following the New Public Management influenced higher education reforms in 2002. Focusing on this intervention, the study aimed to assess and evaluate the Tenure Track System implementation in higher education institutions (HEI’s) exploring its implementation status, identifying challenges faced by stakeholders, role of institutional factors in this regard to get an overall idea regarding effectiveness of the performance oriented reform in actually improving teaching and research performance in higher education institutions of Pakistan, and lastly the analysis of the importance of contextual factors involved in reform implementation. A total of 39 interviews were conducted using purposive/stakeholder sampling and a thematic analysis was conducted on the qualitative data using NVIVO. Some of the major findings include, ignorance of context and prerequisites of this reform, ambiguities in the statutes, lack of comprehension on part of stakeholders, capacity issues of universities as well as the regulatory body & lack of accountability

IMPACT OF SALES PROMOTION ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR: A CASE OF MODERN TRADE, PAKISTAN

Rapidly changing market conditions and the competitiveness of market players is forcing the “all what you need one roof retail concept” businesses to look for various tactics to attract as well as retain customers through a number of sale promotion strategies. For that matter, this study tests the impact of various sale promotion strategies and its impact of consumer buying behavior. In order to do so, a quantitative research strategy has been followed, where the sample of 297 was collected by selecting walk-in customers at 25 supermarkets/hypermarkets in Lahore (Pakistan). Novelty of this study is the fact that, Modern Trade (MT) segment is being targeted only, MT refers to those retail stores who have an area of at least 1 Kannal (5445 sqft), have their own electronic billing system and trolley system. MT is further categorized in to Local Modern Trade (LMT) and International Modern Trade (IMT). Analysis through correlation and regression  modeling help to conclude that buy one get one free, price discounts and coupons are positively related with consumer buying behavior, whereas, free samples and bonus packs are not significantly related with the dependent variable

IMPACT OF SALES PROMOTION ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR: A CASE OF MODERN TRADE, PAKISTAN

Rapidly changing market conditions and the competitiveness of market players is forcing the “all what you need one roof retail concept” businesses to look for various tactics to attract as well as retain customers through a number of sale promotion strategies. For that matter, this study tests the impact of various sale promotion strategies and its impact of consumer buying behavior. In order to do so, a quantitative research strategy has been followed, where the sample of 297 was collected by selecting walk-in customers at 25 supermarkets/hypermarkets in Lahore (Pakistan). Novelty of this study is the fact that, Modern Trade (MT) segment is being targeted only, MT refers to those retail stores who have an area of at least 1 Kannal (5445 sqft), have their own electronic billing system and trolley system. MT is further categorized in to Local Modern Trade (LMT) and International Modern Trade (IMT). Analysis through correlation and regression  modeling help to conclude that buy one get one free, price discounts and coupons are positively related with consumer buying behavior, whereas, free samples and bonus packs are not significantly related with the dependent variable

Influence of Prior Family Business Exposure, Motivation and Growth Intention on Financial Bootstrapping among women entrepreneurs: Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Competencies

Women’s role in a nation’s growth and prosperity cannot be denied today. They are not only creating wealth and jobs but at the same time they are also providing diversified and innovative touch to the existing system. Today women entrepreneurs represent the fastest growing segment of small businesses and educated population which has resulted in more stable and stronger version of a country’s economy. Women empowerment is a common discussion topic in the world but even today women led enterprises face several challenges. This study focuses on the role of prior family business exposure, motivation and growth intention on financial bootstrapping among women entrepreneurs using quantitative strategy and cross sectional research design. Sample of 320 women entrepreneurs has been selected and survey questionnaire technique has been used to collect the data using convenient sampling technique. Results of the study suggest that there is a positive and significant effect of motivation, growth intention and prior family business exposure on financial bootstrapping. Lastly, entrepreneurial competencies moderates the relationship between all the independent variables and dependent variable i.e. financial bootstrapping

Leveraging Tacit Knowledge Sharing Behaviour in Ngos-Run Elementary Schools in Punjab, Pakistan: Investigating the Role of Ethical Climate and Organizational Commitment

The study is conducted to understand the possible relationship of two dimensions of ethical climate vis-a-vis Benevolent Ethical Climate and Principle Ethical Climate with Tacit Knowledge Sharing Behaviour of the employees working in elementary school system run by third sector. In addition, role of Organizational Commitment as a mediator is also studied. The study was cross sectional, while, data was collected from field setting. For testing the proposed model, primary data was collected through questionnaires - developed by scales adopted from different studies. For validity and reliability of the scales, Confirmatory Factor Analysis was run by using AMOS. Whereas, hypotheses were tested through SEM by using AMOS. The study confirmed the mediating role of Organizational Commitment for Principle Ethical Climate and Benevolence Ethical Climate with Tacit Knowledge Sharing Behaviour